The American Psychological Association
(APA) endorses a name-year in-text parenthetical reference
the citation system for articles published in its journal.
“Name-year” means that only the
surname of the author and the copyright year are used. “In-text”
means that the citation is within the text itself (as opposed
footnote references In other
systems, such as the University of Chicago/Turabian System, where the
citations are given at the bottom of the page). “Parenthetical
reference” means that the citations are (often) enclosed in
parentheses.
1. Paraphrased or summarized sources. A paraphrase is the replacement of technical or difficult-to-understand words with similar but simpler words (or those closer to the author's writing style). A summary is a short version of the reference containing only the important points; it is about one-third (1/3) of the length of the original. Both paraphrases and summaries are the researcher(s)' own words. A reference, whether paraphrase or summary, should be cited.
People from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance from each other (Morris, 1977, p. 131). [Author's name, date, and page cited in parentheses]
Desmond Morris (1977, p. 131) notes that people from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance from each other. [Author name cited in text; date and page cited in parentheses]
2.
Short quotations. Quotations
are exact copies of the original author's work. These are enclosed in
quotation marks (“ ”). Quotations should be used sparingly, only
if the author's words are so perfectly written that these would lose
their power when paraphrased or summarized. Generally, quotations in
the APA format should only be four (4) lines long. Quotations should
be preceded by some introductory words. The in-text citation should
follow immediately the quotation.
A recent report of reductions in SAD-related “depression in 87 percent of patients” (Binkley, 1990, p. 203) reverses the findings of earlier studies.
Binkley reports in SAD-related “depression in 87 percent of patients” (1990, p. 203).
3.
Long quotations.
Quotations longer than four lines (or forty words) should be written
as “displayed quotations”. Displayed quotations are not
enclosed in quotation marks but placed one single space (SS) after
the introductory words. Displayed quotations are also written
single-spaced (as opposed to the body of the research paper, which is
written double-spaced (DS). Displayed quotations are also written one
(1) tab mark after the left margin.
Jet lag, with its characteristic fatigue and irregular sleep patterns, is a common problem among those who travel great distances by jet airplane to different time zones:
Jet lag syndrome is the inability of the internal body rhythm to rapidly resynchronize after sudden shifts in the timing. For a variety of reasons, the system attempts to maintain stability and resist temporal change. Consequently, complete adjustment can often be delayed fir several days—sometimes for a week—after arrival at one's destination. (Bonner, 1991, p. 72).Interestingly, this research shoes that the number if flying hours is not the cause of jet lag.
4.
One Author. Give
the surname of the author, the year of publication, and the page
number; separated by a comma and a space.
Examples: (Ramos, 2005); (Ty, 2006, p. 3); According to Ramos (2005)....
5.
Two authors. Give
the surnames of both authors, separated by an ampersand (&).
Examples: (Ramos & Ty, 2006, pp. 114-115); Ramos and Ty (2005) claim that...
6.
Three, Four, or Five authors. Give
the name of all authors in the first citation; for subsequent
citations, use the symbol et
al. (Latin,
et
alii, 'and
others').
First citation: (Ramos, Ty, & Uy, 2005, pp. 164-165)
Subsequent citations: (Ramos, et al., 2005)
7.
Six or more authors. Give
the name of the first author (as it appears in the list of authors)
followed by et
al., even
in the first citation.
8. Author(s) with two or more works in the same year. Alphabetize the titles of their works (in the References List) and assign letters in alphabetical order to the years: (1996a), (1996b), (1996c) and so on.
Most recently, Jones (199c) draws new conclusions from the results of 17 sets of experiments (Jones, 1996a, 1996b).
9.
Two or more authors with the same surname. For
each citation, include the initials of each author who share the same
surname.
R. A. Smith (1997) and C. Smith (1989) both confirm these results.
10.
Work with group or corporate author. Use
the name of the corporation, agency, group, etc. as the “author”.
Give the full name of the group in the first citation with the
initials enclosed in square brackets ([ ]). In the subsequent
citations, use the initials of the group.
First citation: This exploration will continue into the 21st century (National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 1996).
Subsequent citations: (NASA, 1996)
11.
Works listed by title (Publications and articles). If
no author is cited, use the title of the reference. If the title is
long, use the first three (3) significant words of the title.
“All students are expected to be in proper uniform and display their school IDs while on campus” (Philippine Christian University Student Manual, 2009).
(In the following example, the title of the full article is “Are
You a Day or Night Person?”)
The “morning lark” and the “night owl” connotations are typically used to categorize the human extremes (“Are You,” 1989).
12.
Reference to more than one source. If
multiple has contributed to an idea, give the citations within the
same parenthetical citation, each separated by a semicolon (;).
Conceptions of personal space vary among cultures (Morris, 1977; Worchel & Cooper, 1983).
13.
Non-retrievable sources (e.g., e-mail, telephone calls, personal
letters, interviews, etc.). Non-retrievable
sources are references that the readers cannot access or retrieve.
Use the words “personal communication” and the complete date in
the in-text citation, but not in the References List entries.
Recalling his first summer at camp, one person said, “The proximity of 12 other kids made me—an only child with older, quiet parents—frantic for the entire eight weeks” (A. Weiss, personal communication, January 12, 1996).
14.
Online sources. When
quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing an online source, cite the
reference as if it is a print reference. If no author is cited, use
the name of the website or the title of the online article. In the
in-text citation, indicate the URL using “Retrieved:
<http://example.com>”
and the date it was viewed using “Accessed: (Exact date)”.
(Guerrero, July 24, 2014, Retrieved: <http://instructionalminutes.blogspot.com/how-to-use-instructional-minutes.html>, Accessed: January 29, 2015).
All references used in the research paper should be cited in the
References List (except for non-retrievable sources in number 13).
APA-Style
References List Entries
In
the American Psychological Association format, the References List
(also called a Bibliography in other systems) list down all
retrievable references cited in the whole research paper, whether
quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. (Non-retrievable sources, such as
those marked as “personal communication”, are not included.) The
References List begins on a new page, and lists down the references
in alphabetical order by the surname of the authors (or the title of
the publication, or the name of the corporate author as the case may
be). Entries are written using a hanging
indent style;
that is, the first line is flush to the left margin while any
subsequent lines are one (1) tab mark after the left margin. An entry
is typically composed of: 1) author's surname and initials, 2) date
of publication, 3) title of the publication, 4) Place of publication
and publisher. For online sources, it also includes the access date
and the URL.
In
the APA format, titles of publication are written in italics
(or
in underlining)
with lowercase letters, except for the first letter of the title, any
proper nouns, and the first letter of subtitles (separated from the
main title with a colon [:]). Titles of articles are enclosed in
not enclosed in quotation marks (“”) and not
italicized.
1.
Book by one author.
Troyka,
L. Q. (2002). Simon
& Schuster handbook for writers (6th
ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Strunk,
W. Jr. & White, E. B. (2000). The
elements of style (4th
ed.). MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Fromkin,
V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2010). Introduction
to Linguistics. Singapore:
Cengage Learning Asia.
Gardner,
H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice.
New York: Basic Books.
Gardner,
H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences
for the 21st century. New
York: Basic Books.
5. Book by group or corporate author.
Philippine Christian University.
(February 2009). Philippine Christian University student manual.
Dasmariñas,
Cavite.
The Chicago manual of style
(14th
ed.). (1993). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Burnbam, J. C. (1996). Freud,
Sigmund. In The encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, and
psychoanalysis. New York: Holt.
Russia. (1994). The new
encyclopaedia Britannica. (Vol.
10, pp. 253-255). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Arcibal, N. C.
(April 2013). Housewives' exposure to
Koreanovelas on GMA 7 and their perception on marriage. Unpublished
undergraduate thesis. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite.
Wyatt, E. (1999, December 3). A
high school without a home. The New York Times, pp.
B1, B7.
Bonner,
J. T. (1999, March). The evolution of evolution. Natural
History, 103(3), 20-21.
The
numbers after the title of the periodical are the volume number
(italicized) and the
issue number (in parentheses), followed by the page numbers.
Guerrero,
G. T. (2014, July 24). How to use Instructional Minutes.
Instructional
Minutes.
Retrieved: January 29, 2015 from:
http://instructionalminutes.blogspot.com/how-to-use-instructional-minutes.html.
R
E F E R E N C E
Troyka,
L. Q. (2002). Simon
& Schuster handbook for writers (6th
ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.